Timeline of Jewish Persecution in the Holocaust. January. The United Nations establishes the United Nations War Crimes Commission to handle future prosecution of Nazi war criminals. Christian Wirth, Nazi executions expert, hooks an armored- car diesel engine to the gas chambers at Belzec. Mass killings of Jews using Zyklon B begin at Auschwitz- Birkenau.
The bodies are buried in mass graves in a nearby meadow. Nearly all of the remaining Jews in Odessa, Ukraine, are deported to concentration camps. A special medical commission visits the Gross- Rosen concentration camp to select human subjects for medical experimentation. In France, Joseph Darnand establishes the Milice Fran. The United Nations is formed in Washington, D. C., by 2. 6 signatories who agree to work together to defeat the nations of the Tripartate Pact, and to work for a single, commonly shared resolution to the war.
Fantome Island is one of the islands in the Great Palm Island group. It is neighboured by Great Palm Island and is 65 km (40 mi) north-east of Townsville, Queensland. Donghak Peasant Revolution; Donghak Army, gathered in Mount Baek, Gobu, April 1894.
The New World Order, by H.G. NOW here it is necessary to make a distinction which is far too frequently ignored. Even though color photography wasn’t made widely available to the public until the 60s you can now see color images from as early as the turn of the century. Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership. WOMEN IN POWER 1900-1940. Female leaders and women in other positions of political authority of independent states and.
Estonica - a source of knowledge about Estonia. Expand 9000 BC-ca 1200. Stone Age; The Bronze Age; The Iron Age.
In the U. S., the Counter- Intelligence Corps (CIC) is established to investigate and arrest suspected Nazi war criminals. The Germans execute 2. Czechoslovakian workers for sabotage. January 5. The Jewish ghetto at Kharkov, Ukraine, is liquidated. January 6. Molotov hands over information on mass graves. January 7. Throughout the day at the Chelmno death camp, Jewish deportees from nearby villages are systematically gassed in vans; German and Ukrainian workers pull gold teeth and fillings from the corpses' mouths.
Germans undertake van gassings of 5. Gypsies from L. The British Foreign Office approves the declaration but doesn't mention Jews.
January 1. 4Concentration and expulsion of Dutch Jewry begins. The United States blacklists 1. European companies, making it illegal for any American to continue or begin business transactions with them.
January 1. 6Red Army Major Senitsa Vershovsky is shot by an Einsatzkommando unit at Kremenchug, Ukraine, for protecting Jews. Start of the “resettlements” from Lodz to the extermination camp Chelmno. January 1. 7Walter von Reichenau, a Wehrmacht general who cooperated with Einsatzgruppen in Russia, dies of a heart attack. January 1. 9Soviet forces recapture Mozhaisk, the closest that German troops had come to Moscow. With this, the Soviet capital is saved from occupation.
January 2. 0The Wannsee Conference of top Nazi leaders is held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee; attending are Heydrich, Meyer, Leibbrandt, Stuckart, Neumann, Freisler, B. Figures also are given for nations not yet under Nazi control, including England (3. Spain (6. 00. 0), Switzerland (1.
Sweden (1. 8,0. 00), and Turkey (5. The total meeting time is less than 9.
January 2. 1Jews in the Vilna Ghetto establish the Unified Partisan Organization to resist Nazi terror. January 2. 1- 2. 3Hungarian Fascists drive 5. Jews and 2. 92 Serbs to the Danube River at Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. They force them onto the ice, shoot the ice to break it up, and then shoot those who do not quickly drown.
January 2. 4Four hundred Jewish intellectuals are arrested and subsequently murdered in Kolomyia, Ukraine. January 3. 0In a speech to the German public, Hitler commemorates the ninth anniversary of his taking power, declaring that the end result of the war will not be the destruction of the Aryans but will be the complete annihilation of the Jews. The speech is monitored in Washington, D.
C., and London. January 3. Report from Einsatzgruppe A pertaining to the. Jews in the Baltic states. Late January 1. 94. Start of deportations to Theresienstadt. February. Thirty- three Jewish doctors in the Warsaw Ghetto begin a study of the effects of starvation as they themselves slowly starve to death. Jewish partisans in the Eastern Galicia region of Poland attack German troops in several locations.
Bricks and cut stone made by concentration- camp inmates are diverted from future official monuments and buildings to construct badly needed German arms factories. February 1. The SSWirtschafts- Verwaltungshauptamt (Economic- Administrative Main Office; WVHA), led by Oswald Pohl, is established.
February 1. 3At the Minsk Ghetto, Nazis execute Jewish leaders deported from Hamburg, Germany, three months earlier. February 1. 5The first mass gassings of Jews at the Auschwitz death camp begin. February 1. 9Jews at the Dvinsk concentration camp are forced to witness the execution of a Jewish woman who exchanged a piece of cloth with a non- Jewish inmate for a box of flour. February 2. 2Ten thousand Jews are deported from the L.
More than 7. 00 Jewish passengers attempting to save their lives by reaching Palestine are drowned. Only one passenger survives. March. Mass murder of Jews in Charkow (Kharkov), Ukraine (1. This month, nearly 5. Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto die of starvation.
Jews from the L. By October 1. Jews had been murdered there.
March 1- 2. Thousands of Belorussian Jews are transported to Koidanav, Belorussia, where they are murdered. March 2. Six Jews at the Jan. Children from a Jewish nursery in the Minsk Ghetto are thrown into a sandpit, tossed sweets, and then smothered to death. More than 5. 00. 0 Jewish adults from Minsk are also killed. March 3. Belgian Jews are drafted for forced labor. March 5. In the wake of the February 2.
Struma sinking, the British War Cabinet reaffirms its decision not to allow “illegal” Jewish refugees admission to Palestine. March 6. First conference on sterilization: Definitions. During a meeting at the Head Office for Reich Security, Adolf Eichmann emphasizes the need for strict security during deportation and annihilation of Jews presently living in Germany, Austria, Moravia, and Bohemia. March 1. 3Germans have already killed 2. Jews in Ukraine alone. March 1. 4At Ilja, Poland, Jews sent to labor on a farm join Soviet partisans in a nearby forest. In reprisal, the Germans shoot old and sick Jews in the streets, then herd more than 9.
Jews into a building that is set ablaze. All inside die. March 1. Trumpeting his Wehrmacht,Hitler predicts that the Red Army will be “beaten in every direction in the summer.”March 1. More than 1. 80. 0 Jews from Pochep, Russia, are executed. March 1. 7Extermination camp Belzec established.
Full- scale extermination begins; deportees are accepted from Poland and from as far away as the western provinces of Germany. By the end of 1. 94. Jews will be murdered there. From March 1. 7 until April 1. Jews from the Lublin Ghetto are deported to the Belzec death camp.
March 1. 9Nazis arrest and deport to Auschwitz 5. Jews from Krak. March 2.
Public notices pertaining to the identification of. Jewish homes in Germany. Between March and October 1. Slovakian Jews, some to Auschwitz, others to the extermination.
Majdanek. The first transport of Jews sent by Adolf Eichmann's office goes to Auschwitz. March 2. 7The first deportations of Jews from France to Auschwitz begin. By the end of 1. 94. Germans had deported more than 7. Jews from France to camps in the East, above all, to the Auschwitz- Birkenau killing center in Occupied Poland, where most of them perished. March 2. 8Fritz Sauckel is named chief of manpower to expedite recruitment of slave labor.
March 3. 1German troops raid the Minsk Ghetto, searching for and arresting Jewish Resistance leaders. Arrival of initial transports of Jews at the. Auschwitz (Auschwitz I &. Auschwitz II). Fifteen thousand Jews are deported from Lvov, Ukraine, to Belzec.
April. German SS and police united deport Jews from Lublin, in the General Government, to Belzec, where they are killed. The Lublin deportations are the first major deportations carried out under Operation Reinhard, the code name for the German plan to kill more than 2 million Jews living in the General Government of Occupied Poland. Prohibition of the use of public transportation by Jews.
Taking a seat in the. Additional restrictions during the course of World War. II: Jews were forbidden to use public telephones and automatic ticket.
All electrical or optical equipment had. Jews could not obtain any seafood items or ration cards. They were not allowed any white.
Jewish Anti- Facist Committee established in USSR. Sobib. They are deported to the Belzec death camp. April 5. The Lutheran Church of Norway issues “Kirken grunn” (“Foundations of the Church”), a letter condemning Nazism and racism and protesting efforts of Vidkun Quisling, Norway’s German puppet, to “nazify” Norway’s churches. April 8. Einsatzgruppen. Report: No Jews left in Crimea. April 1. 1A German proclamation issued in Lvov, Ukraine, excoriates Polish civilians who assist Jews.
Three thousand Jews from Zamosc, Poland, are deported to the Belzec death camp. April 1. 6SS officials in the Ukraine inform authorities in Berlin that the Crimea is judenrein (purged of Jews).
April 1. 7The Nazi government decrees that apartments occupied by Jews in Greater Germany must be identified as such. April 1. 8In the Warsaw Ghetto, 5. This will become known as “The Night of Blood.”One thousand Jews who leave the Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia, camp/ghetto by train for a ghetto at Rejowiec, Poland, are diverted to the death camp at Sobib.
Other Theresienstadt deportees are sent to their deaths at the Sobib. Twenty thousand Jews will move into it. Twelve hundred Jews are killed in Diatlovo, Belorussia.
The Jews offer armed resistance, but it is futile. May. More than 3. Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto die of starvation. Nazis force their way into Jewish apartments in Warsaw, shoot and club the residents, and throw the bodies from windows. A slave- labor camp opens near Minsk, Belorussia. Small groups of Jewish youths manage to escape into the woods outside Lida and Stolpce, towns in Belorussia.
After trial gassings in April, an SS special detachment begin gassing operations at the Sobibor killing center. By November 1. 94. Jews at Sobibor. Slovakian Jews and resident Jews at Chelm are deported to the nearby Sobib. In addition, more than 3.
Polish Jews from communities located between the Vistula and Bug rivers are gassed at Sobib. Other victims of this Aktion include orphans, residents of old- age homes, and women in the streets.
Jamaica facts, information, pictures . Supplemental material has been added to increase coverage of minor cities, facts have been updated, and some material has been condensed.
Readers are encouraged to visit the Department of State's web site at http: //travel. INTRODUCTIONTravelers have long regarded Jamaica as one of the most alluring of the Caribbean islands. Its beaches, mountains, and carnal red sunsets regularly appear in the world's tourist brochures, and, unlike other nearby islands, it democratically caters to all comers: You can choose a private villa with your own private beach; laugh your vacation away at a party- hearty resort; or throw yourself into the thick of the island's life. Jamaica has a vivid and painful history, marred since European settlement by an undercurrent of violence and tyranny. Christopher Columbus first landed on the island in 1.
Arawak Amerindians who had settled Jamaica around 7. AD. Spanish settlers arrived from 1. By the end of the 1. Arawak population had been entirely wiped out. In 1. 65. 4 an ill- equipped and badly organized English contingent sailed to the Caribbean.
After failing to take Hispaniola (present day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), the . Despite the ongoing efforts of Spanish loyalists and guerilla- style campaigns of freed Spanish slaves (cimarrones, . Slave rebellions did not make life any easier for the English as escaped slaves joined with descendants of the Maroons, engaging in extended ambush- style campaigns, and eventually forcing the English to grant them autonomy in 1.
New slaves kept arriving, however, most of them put to work on sugar plantations. The Jamaican parliament finally abolished slavery on August 1, 1. Adult suffrage for all Jamaicans was introduced in 1.
Britain was granted in 1. Post- independence politics have been dominated by the legacy of two cousins: Alexander Bustamante, who formed the first trade union in the Caribbean just before WWII and later formed the Jamaican Labor Party (JLP), and Norman Manley, whose People's National Party (PNP) was the first political party on the island when it was convened in 1. Manley's son Michael led the PNP towards democratic socialism in the mid- 1. Jamaicans may have a quick wit and a ready smile, but this is not the happy- go- lucky island of Bacardi ads.
Rastafarianism may mean easy skankin' to some, but its confused expression of love, hope, anger, and social discontent encapsulates modern Jamaica- a country that is struggling to escape dependency and debt. MAJOR CITYKingston.
The destruction of Port Royal by an earthquake in 1. Kingston to the north across the harbor.
So rapid was growth that by 1. In 1. 87. 2, it became the island's capital. After 1. 91. 1, internal migration began to focus on Kingston, which led to the continuing trend toward movement from the countryside to principal urban areas. Kingston is now the largest English- speaking city in the Americas south of Miami. Kingston is spread along the low coastal area surrounded by picturesque mountains.
It is a bustling, sprawling city of striking contrasts. Typical of large cities, Kingston has areas of modern homes set in lovely gardens as well as sections of slums. The government is attempting to replace the .
It was known as one of the richest and most wicked cities in the world before the 1. Several old buildings are still standing, and there is an excellent museum. Restoration and an underwater archeological project are under way. Kingston itself has several interesting old houses as well as galleries, museums, and other places to visit. The city features panoramic views of the mountains or the sea from nearly any point and offers many opportunities for an enjoyable tour.
Utilities. Electric service in Kingston is fair, with sporadic power outages. AC current is 1. 10v, 5. U. S. Many U. S.- made appliances function satisfactorily on 5.
Frequent voltage fluctuations sometimes damage electrical equipment. Food. Supermarkets and small specialty shops in Kingston have a wide variety of meats, fruits, vegetables, and canned goods. The better quality shops and markets inspect their meat, but no government inspection is required. Prices are somewhat lower than those in the U.
S. Some American- type cuts of beef and pork are available. Fresh and frozen fish, lobster, and shrimp are available seasonally. Vegetables range from tropical to standard fare and are available year round. Choices include white Irish potatoes (no baking), sweet potatoes, yams, beets, green beans, leaf lettuce, eggplant, green peppers, chilis, avocados, onions, scallions, celery, carrots, cucumbers, corn, tomatoes, varieties of pumpkin (squash), and several local varieties of vegetables. Quality is often below U.
S. Prices range from reasonable to high, although quality is good. All fruits and vegetables should be washed well before eating. Clothing. Clothing suitable for men and women in southern Florida, southern California, and Hawaii is appropriate for Kingston. Some necessary items for men, women, and children are expensive but can be found here.
A limited selection of lightweight fabrics is available. A few hard- to- find dressmakers can make dresses. Ready- made clothing is sold, and prices are often high. Careful shopping can produce good results. Bring a good supply of shoes, especially for women and children. These are hard to find in the right size, and quality is below U.
S. Imported shoes are available but are expensive. For possible trips to cooler climates or the U. S., include some warm clothing. Also bring blue jeans, sports clothes, slacks, and a pullover if you like mountain holidays. American- style sportswear is worn here.
Long patio dresses are worn, but short sundresses are popular for informal evening wear. Drip- dry fabrics are ideal but are expensive here. Due to the climate and need for frequent laundering, elastic deteriorates rapidly. For the infrequent cool evenings, sweaters or light evening wraps, depending on the function attended, will suffice. Men need only a lightweight tropical suit, even for the coolest Kingston weather. Children wear typical play clothing, particularly shorts and T- shirts, tennis shoes, and sandals.
Supplies and Services. Bring your favorite cosmetics and toiletries, as well as prescription medications. The quality of dry cleaning is fair. Barber shops are generally adequate and less expensive than those in the U.
S. Beauty shops are nearly up to U. S. Most Jamaican helpers are female. Most types of household help are available, but reliable. The Jamaican legal minimum wage is low, and most U.
S. The standard pay for a dayworker, for instance, ranges from J$2. J$3. 00 a day, with average weekly salaries (4. J$1,0. 00 to J$1,5.
Various arrangements are made for helpers food, bus fare, and lodging. Helpers daily hours are not rigidly set, and various schedules can be arranged to suit your family needs.
Gardeners are generally competent, but are hard on American lawn- mowers and tools. If uniforms are desired, employers must furnish them. Once a year each helper receives 2 weeks' vacation with pay. In some cases, a helper is given quarters and lives in. Helpers and employers must make modest weekly payments to the National Insurance Scheme, the Jamaican social security system. Payments for hospitalization or unemployment are not required, though often made by the employer.
If a helper who has been employed at least 4 weeks is discharged without cause, 2 weeks severance pay is required. Although local custom is not strongly established on this point, the employer should pay the costs of some medical services for a helper in case of sickness or injury. Public hospitals provide a wide range of free services, although receiving them can be time- consuming. Religious Activities.
Most major faiths are found in Jamaica. A partial list of denominations in Kingston includes Anglican, Baptist, Friends (Quaker), Jewish, Methodist, Mormon (Latter- day Saints), Presbyterian/Congregational, Roman Catholic, and Seventh- day Adventist. All services are in English. Education. In the Jamaican school system, students take two important examinations, the Common Entrance and the Caribbean Examination Council (CXC). In 6th grade, at the end of January, every Jamaican student takes the Common Entrance Exam to enter high school.
Doing well means acceptance in one of the nation's better high schools; doing poorly means the child cannot attend high school except as a private placement. In 1. 99. 6, more than 5. Jamaican students sat the exam to earn one of fewer than 2. During the latter terms of 5th grade and the first term of 6th grade, students attend extra classes at the schools to prepare for the Common Entrance Exam. In its favor, the exam tests student abilities in math mechanics, adding, multiplication, etc.. English grammar, parts of speech, and reading comprehension. Students learn using rote memorization methods; yet they leave the Jamaican schools with a thorough grounding in the basics of math and English.
At senior level, grades 7- 1. Jamaican curriculum prepares students for the Caribbean Examination Council Exam. If students pass this exam, they go on to . No Jamaican school will admit a student to the 1. CXC. The Jamaican high school curriculum treats science and math courses differently from the U. S. A Jamaican student studies a science course such as chemistry, biology, physics, etc., throughout 3 years and earns course credits only at the end of the third year. The Jamaican math curriculum incorporates general math, algebra, geometry, etc., into one mathematics course, whereas, under a U.
S. In both math and science, it is difficult for a student to carry a useful transcript crediting the student with having completed algebra, geometry, the sciences, etc., to the U. S. Finally, as the high school begins at 7th grade, foreign language instruction also starts at that grade level. Under the Jamaican education system, a person may teach in a classroom with 3 years' university certification.